{"id":51966,"date":"2023-08-23T09:32:23","date_gmt":"2023-08-23T13:32:23","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/ifintechworld.com\/news\/carmax-is-substantially-overvalued-and-its-fundamentals-are-deteriorating-kmx\/"},"modified":"2023-08-23T09:32:30","modified_gmt":"2023-08-23T13:32:30","slug":"carmax-is-substantially-overvalued-and-its-fundamentals-are-deteriorating-kmx","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/ifintechworld.com\/?p=51966","title":{"rendered":"CarMax Is Substantially Overvalued And Its Fundamentals Are Deteriorating (KMX)"},"content":{"rendered":"<div data-test-id=\"content-container\">\n<p><figure class=\"getty-figure\" data-type=\"getty-image\"><picture><\/picture><figcaption><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/p>\n<p>CarMax (<span class=\"ticker-hover-wrapper\">NYSE:KMX<\/span>) sounds like a great business on the surface. It&#8217;s the largest used vehicle retailer in the United States, poised to consolidate the fragmented used car market. However, investors will find that issues plague CarMax after closer<span class=\"paywall-full-content invisible\"> examination. The current macro environment is unfavorable, SG&amp;A spending is too high, and CarMax&#8217;s stock is overextended, given its underlying business characteristics.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2 class=\"paywall-full-content invisible\"><strong>Business Overview<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p class=\"paywall-full-content invisible\">CarMax can charge more than its competition for vehicles because of the customer experience. For example, sales reps are paid fixed commissions. This prevents the salesforce from steering customers towards vehicles with higher gross profits. CarMax is also known for its no-haggle pricing, which simplifies the purchasing process.<\/p>\n<p class=\"paywall-full-content invisible\">Selection is another reason why CarMax can charge extra. Customers can request that vehicles be transferred, and CarMax locations are much larger than other used vehicle retailers.<\/p>\n<p class=\"paywall-full-content invisible no-summary-bullets\">Other aspects of CarMax&#8217;s business include its vehicle wholesaling business. This allows CarMax to sell vehicles that don&#8217;t meet its quality standards. CarMax also has a vehicle financing arm, and it sells extended warranties to its customers.<\/p>\n<h2 class=\"paywall-full-content invisible no-summary-bullets\"><strong>Macro Picture<\/strong><\/h2>\n<h4 class=\"paywall-full-content invisible no-summary-bullets\"><strong>Rates and Inflation<\/strong><\/h4>\n<p class=\"paywall-full-content invisible no-summary-bullets\">Retail sales recently increased 0.7% month-over-month, beating expectations by 0.3%. This hot retail sales report indicates an inflation problem that needs to be solved by keeping rates higher for longer. Core inflation, which is still in the high 4% range, further confirms the existence of an inflation problem.<\/p>\n<p class=\"paywall-full-content invisible no-summary-bullets\">Currently, the market doesn&#8217;t expect rate cuts until mid-2024. Continuously elevated interest rates will be a headwind for used car sales during FY2024 because high interest rates translate into high car payments for the consumer.<\/p>\n<p class=\"paywall-full-content invisible no-summary-bullets\"><strong>Unemployment and 60-day Subprime Auto Loan Delinquencies<\/strong><\/p>\n<p class=\"paywall-full-content invisible no-summary-bullets\">\n<figure class=\"regular-img-figure paywall-full-content invisible\" contenteditable=\"false\"><span><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/ifintechworld.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/58711559-16923796862445645.png\" alt=\"S&amp;P\/Experian Auto Default Index\" contenteditable=\"false\" loading=\"lazy\"><\/span><figcaption>\n<p class=\"item-caption\">Used vehicle sales tend to be negatively correlated with 60-day Subprime Auto Loan Delinquencies (S&amp;P Global)<\/p>\n<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<figure class=\"regular-img-figure paywall-full-content invisible\" contenteditable=\"false\"><span><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/ifintechworld.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/58711559-16923796873755465.png\" alt=\"Unemployment charted against 60-day auto sales\" contenteditable=\"false\" loading=\"lazy\"><\/span><figcaption>\n<p class=\"item-caption\">Used vehicle sales tend to be negatively correlated with unemployment (S&amp;P Global)<\/p>\n<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"paywall-full-content invisible no-summary-bullets\">Unemployment is currently very low, whereas 60-day Delinquencies on Subprime Auto Paper are reaching new highs. If the economy falls into a recession and unemployment rises, used auto sales will get hit multiple times. Higher unemployment will reduce used car purchases made by lower and middle-class consumers. Also, 60-day delinquencies on subprime auto paper will rise if unemployment rises, cutting subprime borrowers out of the market (because lenders will demand higher interest rates). Additionally, CarMax will have to incur additional losses associated with repossessions.<\/p>\n<h2 class=\"paywall-full-content invisible no-summary-bullets\"><strong>SG&amp;A Analysis<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p class=\"paywall-full-content invisible no-summary-bullets\">\n<figure class=\"regular-img-figure paywall-full-content invisible\" contenteditable=\"false\"><span><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/ifintechworld.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/58711559-16923796885195022.png\" alt=\"SG&amp;A over time\" contenteditable=\"false\" loading=\"lazy\"><\/span><figcaption>\n<p class=\"item-caption\">CarMax Investor Relations<\/p>\n<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"paywall-full-content invisible no-summary-bullets\">SG&amp;A, as a percent of gross profit, increased consistently from 2016-2021 (making CarMax less profitable). I believe this can be attributed to the following factor noted in CarMax&#8217;s latest 10-K:<\/p>\n<blockquote class=\"paywall-full-content invisible no-summary-bullets\">\n<p>Competitors using online-focused business models, both for direct sales and consumer-to-consumer facilitation, could materially impact our business model. Increased online used vehicle offerings and the growing consumer trend of buying vehicles online could make it more difficult for us to differentiate our customer offering from competitors&#8217; offerings, could result in lower-than-expected retail margins, and could have a material adverse effect on our business, sales and results of operations.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p class=\"paywall-full-content invisible no-summary-bullets\">What&#8217;s more concerning is that SG&amp;A increased sharply in 2022 after CarMax acquired Edmunds. Only $24.5 million of the $300 million compensation expense increase was associated with the Edmunds acquisition. The increase in advertising spend and other overhead costs were also not attributed to the Edmunds acquisition. It seems like management overspent during 2022, and their decisions have stuck with CarMax through 2023 (considering that SG&amp;A is still elevated).<\/p>\n<p class=\"paywall-full-content invisible no-summary-bullets\">Additionally, investors may not have a complete picture of SG&amp;A trends due to a recent accounting adjustment. Notice how SG&amp;A changes from the 2021 10-K to the 2022 10-K:<\/p>\n<p class=\"paywall-full-content invisible no-summary-bullets\">\n<figure class=\"regular-img-figure paywall-full-content invisible\" contenteditable=\"false\"><span><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/ifintechworld.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/58711559-16923796898734424.png\" alt=\"CarMax SG&amp;A\" contenteditable=\"false\" loading=\"lazy\"><\/span><figcaption>\n<p class=\"item-caption\">2021 10-K (CarMax Investor Relations)<\/p>\n<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<figure class=\"regular-img-figure paywall-full-content invisible\" contenteditable=\"false\"><span><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/ifintechworld.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/58711559-1692379691245623.png\" alt=\"CarMax 2022 SG&amp;A\" contenteditable=\"false\" loading=\"lazy\"><\/span><figcaption>\n<p class=\"item-caption\">2022 10-K (CarMax Investor Relations)<\/p>\n<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"paywall-full-content invisible no-summary-bullets\">The following note from the 2022 10-K explains that depreciation and amortization were separated from SG&amp;A:<\/p>\n<p class=\"paywall-full-content invisible no-summary-bullets\">\n<figure class=\"regular-img-figure paywall-full-content invisible\" contenteditable=\"false\"><span><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/ifintechworld.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/58711559-16923796924339375.png\" alt=\"10-K depreciation change\" contenteditable=\"false\" loading=\"lazy\"><\/span><figcaption>\n<p class=\"item-caption\">CarMax Investor Relations<\/p>\n<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<figure class=\"regular-img-figure paywall-full-content invisible\" contenteditable=\"false\"><span><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/ifintechworld.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/58711559-169237969402545.png\" alt=\"CarMax earnings\" contenteditable=\"false\" loading=\"lazy\"><\/span><figcaption>\n<p class=\"item-caption\">Depreciation and amortization are now a separate line item (CarMax Investor Relations)<\/p>\n<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"paywall-full-content invisible no-summary-bullets\">Overall, I find it very difficult to expect management to deliver excellent performance, given their decisions regarding SG&amp;A spend.<\/p>\n<h2 class=\"paywall-full-content invisible no-summary-bullets\"><strong>Relative Valuation<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p class=\"paywall-full-content invisible no-summary-bullets\">\n<figure class=\"regular-img-figure paywall-full-content invisible\" contenteditable=\"false\"><span><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/ifintechworld.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/58711559-16927244027592082.png\" alt=\"Relative valuation table\" contenteditable=\"false\" loading=\"lazy\"><\/span><figcaption>\n<p class=\"item-caption\">S&amp;P Capital IQ<\/p>\n<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"paywall-full-content invisible no-summary-bullets\">CarMax has the lowest average return on invested capital (ROIC) and the highest estimated EBIT growth compared to its peer group. This is usually not an ideal combination because growth destroys value when a company&#8217;s ROIC is lower than its weighted average cost of capital (WACC). CarMax&#8217;s WACC is 7.23% (which is higher than its average ROIC of 4.23%). In this case, the EBIT growth is beneficial because it&#8217;s driven by efficiency growth (getting more operating income out of stores) rather than reinvestment (building more stores).<\/p>\n<p class=\"paywall-full-content invisible no-summary-bullets\">Although CarMax is expected to grow EBIT quickly over the next few years, it still looks relatively expensive. Assuming that CarMax&#8217;s EBIT increases from $658MM to $1.6B (my 2026 EBIT estimate in the DCF further down in this article, which is higher than analyst estimates) overnight, CarMax would be trading at 19.44x EBIT. This would still leave CarMax as the second most expensive company in its peer group (on an EV\/EBIT basis) while having the lowest ROIC.<\/p>\n<p class=\"paywall-full-content invisible no-summary-bullets\">I believe that CarMax should be trading between 10.1x-14.51x (between the median and average EV\/EBIT of its peer group) its 2026 EBIT. This is because, in my view, CarMax&#8217;s low ROIC and above-average EBIT growth offset one another, making CarMax an average company.<\/p>\n<p class=\"paywall-full-content invisible no-summary-bullets\">\n<figure class=\"regular-img-figure paywall-full-content invisible\" contenteditable=\"false\"><span><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/ifintechworld.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/58711559-16927246383255625.png\" alt=\"Relative valuation for CarMax output\" contenteditable=\"false\" loading=\"lazy\"><\/span><figcaption>\n<p class=\"item-caption\">S&amp;P Capital IQ<\/p>\n<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"paywall-full-content invisible no-summary-bullets\">Expected EV was calculated by multiplying EBIT by the expected EV\/EBIT multiple. Using my assumptions, the value of equity is worth somewhere between $395MM and $7.7B.<\/p>\n<h2 class=\"paywall-full-content invisible no-summary-bullets\"><strong>Intrinsic Valuation<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p class=\"paywall-full-content invisible no-summary-bullets\">The following valuation uses very optimistic assumptions. Given my assessment that CarMax is significantly overvalued, even alongside optimistic assumptions, I believe that long-term returns from CarMax will likely be very low.<\/p>\n<p class=\"paywall-full-content invisible no-summary-bullets\">\n<figure class=\"regular-img-figure paywall-full-content invisible\" contenteditable=\"false\"><span><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/ifintechworld.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/58711559-169237969964983.png\" alt=\"Discounted Cash Flow model for CarMax\" contenteditable=\"false\" loading=\"lazy\"><\/span><figcaption>\n<p class=\"item-caption\">Daniel B. Wilson<\/p>\n<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<figure class=\"regular-img-figure paywall-full-content invisible\" contenteditable=\"false\"><span><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/ifintechworld.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/58711559-16923797008998232.png\" alt=\"DCF output and share price prediction for CarMax\" contenteditable=\"false\" loading=\"lazy\"><\/span><figcaption>\n<p class=\"item-caption\">Daniel B. Wilson<\/p>\n<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"paywall-full-content invisible no-summary-bullets\"><strong>Used Vehicles Sold &amp; Wholesale Vehicles Sold:<\/strong> I assume these numbers move linearly towards management&#8217;s estimate of 2 million total vehicles sold by 2026. Historically, 60% of CarMax&#8217;s vehicles sold have been used vehicles, and 40% of CarMax&#8217;s vehicles sold have been wholesale vehicles, so I used these percentages for FY2026. In FY2027, I assume growth reverts to 9% (roughly 2018\/2019 vehicle sales growth) and slowly moves towards the risk-free rate (a proxy for the economy&#8217;s growth rate) as CarMax becomes a mature company.<\/p>\n<p class=\"paywall-full-content invisible no-summary-bullets\"><em>Why do I think this assumption is optimistic<\/em>? CarMax plans on opening only five locations in FY2024, putting them at 245 locations by the end of the year. In 2019, CarMax had 203 stores, meaning that the number of stores has increased by 18.23% since 2019. CarMax sold 748,000 vehicles in 2019, and applying this increase in store count puts them at 884,000 projected vehicles sold. To reach 1,200,000 used vehicles sold, CarMax would likely have to grow its store count by 35.7%, or 16.5% in FY2025 and FY2026. This is unlikely given that CarMax grew store count by 8-9% annually during 2017-2019.<\/p>\n<p class=\"paywall-full-content invisible no-summary-bullets\"><strong>Used Vehicle Gross Profit Per Unit (GPU):<\/strong> I assume GPU moves down to $2000 in FY2024 (roughly historical average) and then moves linearly towards management&#8217;s GPU estimate of $2100-$2200. Then I assume GPU grows at the rate of inflation (2.5%).<\/p>\n<p class=\"paywall-full-content invisible no-summary-bullets\"><strong>Other GPU &amp; Wholesale Vehicle GPU:<\/strong> I used the recent historical averages for FY2024. Then, I assume these grow at the rate of inflation (2.5%).<\/p>\n<p class=\"paywall-full-content invisible no-summary-bullets\"><strong>SG&amp;A (as a percentage of gross profit):<\/strong> I used management&#8217;s SG&amp;A (as a percentage of gross profit) target of the mid-70s for FY2026. I project the current SG&amp;A to approach the 75% target linearly. Then, I expect SG&amp;A (as a percentage of gross profit) to move linearly towards its historical average of 65% over five years.<\/p>\n<p class=\"paywall-full-content invisible no-summary-bullets\"><em>Why do I think this assumption is optimistic<\/em>? It&#8217;s in the management&#8217;s best interest to give investors rosy predictions (because then shares go up, resulting in a bigger performance bonus for management). This means the 75% target may be a best-case scenario.<\/p>\n<p class=\"paywall-full-content invisible no-summary-bullets\"><strong>CAF Income:<\/strong> I used the recent historical average CAF per vehicle for FY2024. Then, I assume the CAF income per used vehicle grows at the rate of inflation (2.5%).<\/p>\n<p class=\"paywall-full-content invisible no-summary-bullets\"><strong>D&amp;A:<\/strong> I used the 3-year historical average D&amp;A as a percentage of SG&amp;A.<\/p>\n<p class=\"paywall-full-content invisible no-summary-bullets\"><strong>Other Income:<\/strong> This is primarily the income from Edmunds. Edmunds was purchased in 2021 at an enterprise value of $404 million, so I assume they were bought at 10x their income (for simplicity). Other income then grows at the risk-free rate (I assume the business is mature). Most likely, their income is lower than this (other income was only $12 million during the last 12 months, but it was also mixed with CarMax&#8217;s other income). I chose a number that is probably too high in the spirit of my optimistic valuation.<\/p>\n<p class=\"paywall-full-content invisible no-summary-bullets\"><strong>Effective Tax Rate:<\/strong> 25% (worldwide average tax rate).<\/p>\n<p class=\"paywall-full-content invisible no-summary-bullets\"><strong>Reinvestment:<\/strong>(Change in Gross Profit)\/((Gross Profit)\/(Invested Capital))<\/p>\n<p class=\"paywall-full-content invisible no-summary-bullets\"><strong>WACC:<\/strong> CAPM; Aswath Damodaran&#8217;s implied ERP of 4.83%; bottom-up beta; market value of debt; AA credit spread added to the risk-free rate for the cost of debt<\/p>\n<p class=\"paywall-full-content invisible no-summary-bullets\">\n<figure class=\"regular-img-figure paywall-full-content invisible\" contenteditable=\"false\"><span><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/ifintechworld.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/58711559-16923797022025118.png\" alt=\"Bottom-up beta for CarMax\" contenteditable=\"false\" loading=\"lazy\"><\/span><figcaption>\n<p class=\"item-caption\">S&amp;P Capital IQ<\/p>\n<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"paywall-full-content invisible no-summary-bullets\"><strong>(Gross Profit)\/(Invested Capital) Ratio:<\/strong> The box highlighted in yellow is the LTM ratio. All the other ones are incremental ratios used to calculate reinvestment. I adjusted this until my year ten return on invested capital was equal to my cost of capital.<\/p>\n<p class=\"paywall-full-content invisible no-summary-bullets\"><em>Why is this assumption optimistic?<\/em> CarMax&#8217;s historical (Gross Profit)\/(Invested Capital) ratio has been in the 0.1-0.2 range over the past decade (meaning that my reinvestment is probably too low. A higher ratio means less reinvestment is needed to generate growth). Additionally, CarMax&#8217;s ROIC has always been lower than its WACC from 2010-2020, so my assumption that CarMax&#8217;s ROIC will return to its WACC (within ten years) may be unrealistic.<\/p>\n<p class=\"paywall-full-content invisible no-summary-bullets\"><strong>Incremental ROIC:<\/strong>(Change in EBIT(1-t))\/(Previous Year&#8217;s Reinvestment)<\/p>\n<p class=\"paywall-full-content invisible no-summary-bullets\"><em>Why is this assumption optimistic?<\/em> The used car business is highly competitive, with low returns, so CarMax is unlikely to take on projects that earn returns greater than its current WACC.<\/p>\n<h2 class=\"paywall-full-content invisible no-summary-bullets\"><strong>Risks<\/strong><\/h2>\n<h4 class=\"paywall-full-content invisible no-summary-bullets\"><strong>Used Car Prices Declining<\/strong><\/h4>\n<p class=\"paywall-full-content invisible no-summary-bullets\">\n<figure class=\"regular-img-figure paywall-full-content invisible\" contenteditable=\"false\"><span><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/ifintechworld.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/58711559-16923797034286525.png\" alt=\"Used vehicle gross profit per unit over time\" contenteditable=\"false\" loading=\"lazy\"><\/span><figcaption>\n<p class=\"item-caption\">CarMax Investor Relations<\/p>\n<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<figure class=\"regular-img-figure paywall-full-content invisible\" contenteditable=\"false\"><span><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/ifintechworld.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/58711559-16923797048134894.png\" alt=\"Used car prices index over time\" contenteditable=\"false\" loading=\"lazy\"><\/span><figcaption>\n<p class=\"item-caption\">Used Car Prices Over Time (YCharts)<\/p>\n<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/p>\n<p class=\"paywall-full-content invisible no-summary-bullets\">Gross profit per unit tends to be independent of used car prices. This means that when used car prices fall, CarMax will be more profitable for the following reasons:<\/p>\n<p class=\"paywall-full-content invisible no-summary-bullets\">1. Used car prices falling will make cars more affordable for consumers, resulting in more sales<\/p>\n<p class=\"paywall-full-content invisible no-summary-bullets\">2. Gross profit per unit is typically $2100\/car, regardless of used car prices, so the same gross profit per vehicle, and more sales, translate to greater profits<\/p>\n<p class=\"paywall-full-content invisible no-summary-bullets\">In summary, CarMax may beat analyst estimates if car prices fall.<\/p>\n<h4 class=\"paywall-full-content invisible no-summary-bullets\"><strong>Falling Interest Rates<\/strong><\/h4>\n<p class=\"paywall-full-content invisible no-summary-bullets\">If inflation slows, the Fed may cut interest rates sooner than the market anticipates. This will allow consumers to purchase more vehicles because the monthly payment on their loans will be lower.<\/p>\n<h4 class=\"paywall-full-content invisible no-summary-bullets\"><strong>Buybacks<\/strong><\/h4>\n<p class=\"paywall-full-content invisible no-summary-bullets\">Management may choose to resume buybacks if macroeconomic conditions improve. This has the potential to excite investors.<\/p>\n<h2 class=\"paywall-full-content invisible no-summary-bullets\"><strong>Conclusion<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p class=\"paywall-full-content invisible no-summary-bullets\">Even if the macro environment suddenly turns around, I see very little chance of equity outperformance. I believe CarMax will be perpetually held back by its low ROIC (which makes growth a bad option). On the short side, I see little to no fundamental risk &#8211; CarMax would almost certainly have to reinvent itself to justify current prices. I&#8217;ll be on the sidelines until the share price drops by 75%+ or until management takes on projects that generate returns greater than CarMax&#8217;s cost of capital.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>Read the full article <a href=\"https:\/\/seekingalpha.com\/article\/4630528-carmax-substantially-overvalued-fundamentals-deteriorating?source=feed_all_articles\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">here<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>CarMax (NYSE:KMX) sounds like a great business on the surface. It&#8217;s the largest used vehicle retailer in the United States, poised to consolidate the fragmented used car market. However, investors will find that issues plague CarMax after closer examination. The current macro environment is unfavorable, SG&amp;A spending is too high, and CarMax&#8217;s stock is overextended, [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":51967,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"gallery","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[236],"tags":[83],"class_list":["post-51966","post","type-post","status-publish","format-gallery","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-news","tag-featured","post_format-post-format-gallery"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v20.6 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>CarMax Is Substantially Overvalued And Its Fundamentals Are Deteriorating (KMX) | iFintechWorld<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"CarMax (NYSE:KMX) sounds like a great business on the surface. 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